a. Tuberculosis.
b. Syphilis
c. Malignancy
d. Leprosy.
e. Traumma.
f. Rhinophyma.
Ans: ???E
Saddle-nose deformity can be:
1. Congenital
2. Acquired.
Various degrees of nasal dorsal depression can be noticed as a part of individual, familial, syndromic, and racial characteristics. Most saddle-nose deformities are acquired. A common theme in all acquired saddle-nose deformities is a structural compromise of the nasoseptal cartilage leading to decreased dorsal nasal structural support.
The most common causes of saddle-nose deformities are traumatic and iatrogenic.
A number of medical conditions can affect the nasal septum and lead to a saddle-nose deformity.
--Wegener granulomatosis
--Relapsing polychondritis
--Leprosy (Hansen disease)
--Syphilis
--Ectodermal dysplasia
--Intranasal cocaine use leading to large septal perforation and cartilage loss can also produce saddling of the nose.
A saddle-nose deformity is most visibly characterized by a loss of nasal dorsal height. This deformity has also been described as a pug nose or boxer's nose, both of which refer to various degrees of nasal dorsal depression. This often accompanies a shortened nose and compromised nasal support structures.
Other features commonly observed in patients with significant saddle-nose deformities include the following:
--Depression of the middle vault and dorsum
--Loss of nasal tip support and definition
--Shortened (vertical) nasal length
--Overrotation of the nasal tip
--Retrusion of the nasal spine and caudal septum
The prevalence is higher in
--Population groups prone to facial trauma (ie, boxers, criminals, athletes),
-- In persons with a history of intranasal cocaine use.
--In Individuals with a history of nasal surgery (eg, radical submucous septal resection, reductive rhinoplasty).
A flat or concave nasal dorsal contour can resemble a saddle nose and is more prevalent in certain familial and racial groups. Some saddled noses may be more subtle, owing to thickened nasal skin soft-tissue envelope.
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